Room: Amazon
Date: Tuesday, 19 May 2026
Time: 15:00 - 16:00 CEST
Session code 4AO.2
Advanced technologies for biomass combustion: enhancing efficiency and fuel flexibility
Session Description
This oral session presents advancements in technologies for biomass combustion, with the aims of enhancing conversion efficiency, heat recovery and fuel flexibility.
Chair
Free University of Bolzano, ITALY
National Laboratory of the Rockies, USA
Speakers
Tampere University of Applied Sciences, FINLAND
Session reference: 4AO.2.1
Case Study of Applying Adsorption Based Carbon Capture for a Pulp Mill
TU Wien, AUSTRIA
Session reference: 4AO.2.2
Fundamental Investigations About the Suitability of Corn Straw in Chemical Looping Processes
BIOS Bioenergiesysteme, AUSTRIA
Session reference: 4AO.2.3
Highly Efficient Heat Recovery from Biomass Combustion by Applying A Quench/packed Bed Condenser Coupled with a Compression Heat Pump
DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige, GERMANY
Session reference: 4AO.2.4
Particulate Number Emissions and Size Distributionat a Wood Log Stove Dependent on Measurement Position and Application of an Electrostatic PrecipitatorRoom: Amazon
Date: Tuesday, 19 May 2026
Time: 16:15 - 17:15 CEST
Session code 4AO.5
Gasification processes for polygeneration and including biochar and classification model
Session Description
Gasification processes for polygeneration, including the use of biochar for syngas purification and a classification model for syngas applications in this oral session.
Chair
TU Delft, THE NETHERLANDS
Former European Commission, Joint Research Centre, UNITED KINGDOM
Speakers
Free University of Bolzano, ITALY
Session reference: 4AO.5.1
Polygeneration of Heat, Power, and Biochar via Gasification: Findings from the NEW HEPOCH Project
Invited
Session reference: 4AO.5.2
BIOS Bioenergiesysteme, AUSTRIA
Session reference: 4AO.5.3
Gas Extraction and Gas Cleaning from a Novel Biomass Conversion Plant Based on Updraft Gasification
University EAFIT, COLOMBIA
Session reference: 4AO.5.4
Interpretable Classification Model for Identifying Potential Syngas Applications Based on Feedstock Properties And Process ParametersRoom: Amazon
Date: Tuesday, 19 May 2026
Time: 17:30 - 18:30 CEST
Session code 4AO.8
Integrated gasification, gas cleaning and upgrading demonstration
Session Description
This oral session concerns presentations in the field of integration of gasification technologies with downstream gas cleaning and upgrading to clean syngas.
Chair
BIOS Bioenergiesysteme, AUSTRIA
GTI Energy, USA
Speakers
Technische Universität Darmstadt Energy Systems and Technology, GERMANY
Session reference: 4AO.8.1
Pilot-scale Evaluation of High-Temperature-Winkler® Gasification using Waste Wood as Feedstock
Tampere University, FINLAND
Session reference: 4AO.8.2
Development of biomass Chemical Looping Partial Oxidation and Hydrogen Generation Process for Flexible Synthesis of Green Chemicals
TNO Energy Transitions, THE NETHERLANDS
Session reference: 4AO.8.3
Distribution of Biogenic Carbon During the Gasification of Mixed Carbon Streams
Institute for Energy Systems and Technology, Technical University of Darmstadt, GERMANY
Session reference: 4AO.8.4
Gasification of Biogenic Waste in an Oxygen-Blown 1 Mwth Circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor with Ilmenite As Bed Material and Syngas CleaningRoom: Poster Area
Date: Wednesday, 20 May 2026
Time: 15:00 - 16:00 CEST
Session code 4BV.5
Gasification, gas cleaning, upgrading, catalyst performance and modeling on component and system level
Session Description
This visual presentation session concerns all aspects of applied experimental research, component level (data driven) modeling as well as system level modeling.
Chair
TU Delft, THE NETHERLANDS
Free University of Bolzano, ITALY
Presenters
ITE, SPAIN
Session reference: 4BV.5.4
Production of High-Hydrogen-Content Gas Via Thermochemical Conversion of Textile Waste
Fraunhofer-Institut UMSICHT, GERMANY
Session reference: 4BV.5.5
Enhanced Carbon-To-X-Output Technology - Advanced Staged Gasification Technology of Biogenic Residues for Hydrogen-rich Syngas Production
Delft University of Technology, THE NETHERLANDS
Session reference: 4BV.5.8
Microwave Driven Plasma Intensified Gasification: An Experimental Investigation
Portalegre Polytechnic University, PORTUGAL
Session reference: 4BV.5.12
CO2 Valorization as a Key Driver for the Techno-Economic Feasibility of Syngas Injection into Natural Gas Grids
TNO Energy Transitions, THE NETHERLANDS
Session reference: 4BV.5.17
Physics-Informed Machine Learning Model For Optimization Of Syngas Production From Biomass And Waste Gasification
Korea Institute of Energy Research, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Session reference: 4BV.5.20
Biomass Solid Fuel Steam Gasification in a Fluidized Bed Reactor
Korea Institute of Energy Research, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Session reference: 4BV.5.21
Syngas Production Through Gasification of Livestock Manure Using Fixed-Bed Gasifier
Sebastian SANCHEZ VILLASCLARAS
University of Jaen, SPAIN
Session reference: 4BV.5.22
Physicochemical Changes of Olive Stone in a Pilot-Scale Downdraft GasifierRoom: Poster Area
Date: Wednesday, 20 May 2026
Time: 16:15 - 17:15 CEST
Session code 4BV.8
Biomass and waste combustion as sustainable strategy for decarbonization
Session Description
The session presents experimental and modelling studies for biomass and waste combustion as sustainable strategy for decarbonization of the industry and residential sector, also assessing environmental impacts. A collection of posters covering various aspects of gasification, by bubbling and fluidised beds as well as fixed beds, of biomass, including waste, for the recovery of bioproducts.
Chair
National Laboratory of the Rockies, USA
Former European Commission, Joint Research Centre, UNITED KINGDOM
Presenters
WIP Renewable Energies, GERMANY
Session reference: 4BV.8.1
Advancing Decarbonization in the Glass Industry: Technical Progress and Implementation of the GIFFT Fuel-Flexible Furnace Technology
University of the Basque Country, SPAIN
Session reference: 4BV.8.2
Energy Production by Thermal Degradation of Waste Biomass from the Anaerobic Treatment of Analgesic Pharmaceutics
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, BRAZIL
Session reference: 4BV.8.6
Biomass Burning and Household Air Pollution: Comparative Assessment of Firewood Stove Types in Brazil
CIEMAT, SPAIN
Session reference: 4BV.8.8
Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium in Ash From Biomass Updraft Gasification Plants
National Chung Hsing University, TAIWAN
Session reference: 4BV.8.9
Gasification Characteristics of Sorghum Distillery Residue and Spent Tea Leaves in a 30 kWth Fluidized Bed Gasifier
National Formosa University, TAIWAN
Session reference: 4BV.8.10
Performance Evaluation of Biomass Gasification and Power Generation Using Straw- and Bamboo-Derived RDF at a Renewable Energy Demonstration Site
CREA-IT, ITALY
Session reference: 4BV.8.11
Assessment of Forest vs. Agricultural Pruning Residues for Fluidized Bed Gasification in the Lazio Region
Universidade de Aveiro, PORTUGAL
Session reference: 4BV.8.12
Air/steam Gasification of Residual Biomass in a 20 kWt Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor: Process Conditions and Gas Composition.
ENEA Research Centre, ITALY
Session reference: 4BV.8.14
Gasification of Solid Biomass for the Production of Hydrogen-enriched Syngas and for high CHP Efficiency Applications through SOFC
Universidade de Aveiro, PORTUGAL
Session reference: 4BV.8.16
Producer Gas Characteristics from Gasification of Biomass and Plastic in Fluidized Bed Reactor.
WIP Renewable Energies, GERMANY
Session reference: 4BV.8.19
Syngas for Energy Communities - The Approach of the European Project Supremas
Technology and Support Centre, GERMANY
Session reference: 4BV.8.20
Emissions from Small-scale Biomass Appliances during Real-LIFE Operation
Silesian University of Technology, POLAND
Session reference: 4BV.8.21
A Novel Approach to Negative Emissions: Integrating BECCS with Membrane-Based Direct Air Capture
GTI Energy, USA
Session reference: 4BV.8.22
Fundamental and Scientific Understanding of Biomass Properties for Gasification
María del pilar GONZALEZ VÁZQUEZ
Fundacio EURECAT, SPAIN
Session reference: 4BV.8.23
Valorisation of Gasification-Derived Biochars from Forest Biomass and Municipal Waste for CO2 Capture ApplicationsRoom: King Willem Alexander
Date: Wednesday, 20 May 2026
Time: 17:30 - 18:30 CEST
Session code 4BO.13
Fundamental studies of key aspects of gasification and cleaning/upgrading for syngas generation
Session Description
This oral session concerns presentations in the area of special topics regarding gasification characterization, catalyst behaviour and gas cleaning and upgrading studies.
Chair
CEA, FRANCE
Portalegre Polytechnic University, PORTUGAL
Speakers
Aix-Marseille University, FRANCE
Session reference: 4BO.13.1
Transformation and Distribution of Inorganic Species in the Gas Phase During Steam Gasification of Sorted Waste Streams
CR ENEA Trisaia, DIAM University of Calabria, ITALY
Session reference: 4BO.13.2
EUBCE Student Awardee Presentation
Biomass Gasification for H2 Production: In-bed Syngas upgrading with Enhanced Dolomite
C&CS Catalysts and Chemical Specialties, GERMANY
Session reference: 4BO.13.3
Novel Optimized Low Temperature Tar Reforming Catalyst in Tablet Form for Use in Hot Gas Filters for Syngas Cleaning in Biomass Gasification
Seyedeh Sahar SALMAN ZADEH OTAGHSARAEI
University of Bologna, ITALY
Session reference: 4BO.13.4
Upgrading of Syngas From Gasification of Residual Biomass and Biogenic Fractions: Development and Testing of Steam Reforming CatalystsRoom: Poster Area
Date: Thursday, 21 May 2026
Time: 09:00 - 10:00 CEST
Session code 4CV.1
Biogas and biomethane production
Session Description
This poster session focuses on biogas and composting optimization, emphasizing practical, pilot-scale solutions to improve energy yields and reduce the environmental footprint of agricultural waste management.
Chair
BEST - Bioenergy and Sustainable Technologies, AUSTRIA
DBFZ-German Biomass Research Centre, GERMANY
Presenters
Maria del Prado GARCIA APARICIO
CIEMAT, SPAIN
Session reference: 4CV.1.2
Tailored Microbial Consortia for Enhanced Biomethane Production from Apple Pomace: Bioprocess Improvement and Kinetics
University of Hohenheim, GERMANY
Session reference: 4CV.1.3
Development of a Pilot-Scale Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion System for Manure-to-Biogas Conversion
Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology, FINLAND
Session reference: 4CV.1.4
Farm-Scale Biogas Production and Utilization in South-Savo Region in Finland
Politehnica University of Timisoara, ROMANIA
Session reference: 4CV.1.5
Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Biomass Cultivated on Degraded Lands with Fruit Waste for Biogas and Organic Fertilizer Production: A Circular Economy Case Study
Junta de Extremadura, SPAIN
Session reference: 4CV.1.8
Biochar Decarbonizing Olive Mill Wastewater in a Two-stage Anaerobic Co-digestion Process to Obtain a Sustainable Agricultural Biofertilizer.
Federal University of Pernambuco, BRAZIL
Session reference: 4CV.1.9
Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste in a Low-Cost Semi-Continuous Reactor
Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, GERMANY
Session reference: 4CV.1.11
Pretreatment in Small-scale Biogas Systems: A pathway to Mainstreaming Co-digestion and Agricultural Residue Utilization
DBFZ-Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige, GERMANY
Session reference: 4CV.1.13
Quantification and Mitigation of Methane Emissions from Liquid Manure Storage
Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, ITALY
Session reference: 4CV.1.15
Advanced Composting with Heat Recovery: From Lab-Scale Experiments to Process Modeling
University of Pannonia, HUNGARY
Session reference: 4CV.1.18
Optimization of Hydrogen Feeding Strategies via Membrane Contactor to Enhance Anaerobic Digestion Efficiency under Mesophilic Conditions
Aarhus University, DENMARK
Session reference: 4CV.1.20
Influence of Biochar Feedstock and Dosage on Sulfur Dynamics and Buffering Behavior in Anaerobic Digestion
University of Fort Hare, SOUTH AFRICA
Session reference: 4CV.1.22
Development and Validation of a Multiple Linear Regression Model to Predict the Volume of Biogas Produced in a Temperature-Controlled Biodigester.
University of Fort Hare, SOUTH AFRICA
Session reference: 4CV.1.23
An Assessment of Biogas Production from Food Waste Obtained from School Nutrition Program.
UWI Cavehill Campus, BARBADOS
Session reference: 4CV.1.24
Advancing a Caribbean Circular Bioeconomy through Castor Seed Residue Biomethane Production and Digestate-Supported Cassava Cultivation
Korea Testing Laboratory, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Session reference: 4CV.1.25
Volatile Organic Compounds in Biogas from Full-Scale Anaerobic Digestion plants: Implications for CO2 Upgrading and Cryogenic Liquefaction
ENGIE Lab CRIGEN, FRANCE
Session reference: 4CV.1.26
Multi-site Biomethane Production Optimization with Shared Feedstock SourcingRoom: Poster Area
Date: Thursday, 21 May 2026
Time: 15:00 - 16:00 CEST
Session code 4CV.5
Biomass pre-treatment and production of intermediates (part 1)
Session Description
This is the first of two poster sessions covering a variety of biomass pre-treatment and technologies for the production of intermediates.
Chair
CERTH Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, GREECE
Aarhus University, DENMARK
Presenters
Kazimierz Wielki University, POLAND
Session reference: 4CV.5.3
Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Oat Hull Biomass After Microwave-Assisted Pretreatment With Aqueous Solutions of Deep Eutectic Solvents
Bio-coke Research Institute, Kindai University, JAPAN
Session reference: 4CV.5.6
Effects of Torrefaction Treatment on the Properties Of Bio-Coke as a Potential Coal-Coke Substitute
ZHAW, SWITZERLAND
Session reference: 4CV.5.7
Comparative Characterization of Two Similar Anaerobic Fungal Acetyl Xylan Esterases Upregulated on Lignocellulose
Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, PERU
Session reference: 4CV.5.9
Valorization of Urban Tree Pruning Residues: Carbonization of Ficus benjamina Biomass at 400-600 °C for Biochar Production
Università degli studi di Perugia, ITALY
Session reference: 4CV.5.10
Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment as a Sustainable Strategy for Cardoon Stalks Valorization
Dartmouth College, USA
Session reference: 4CV.5.12
Characterization of Ex Situ Cotreatment and Consolidated Bioprocessing Residuals with Thermophilic Bacteria for Enhanced Bioethanol Production
Technology and Support Centre in the Center of Excellence for Renewable Resources, GERMANY
Session reference: 4CV.5.15
Developments in Fuel Quality of Commercially Available Wood Briquettes from the German Market between 2010 and 2023
University of La Rochelle, FRANCE
Session reference: 4CV.5.16
Synergistic Deconstruction of Industrial Hemp Hurds Using Combined MAAP-IVDV Pretreatments for Enhanced Sugar RecoveryRoom: Yangtze 1
Date: Thursday, 21 May 2026
Time: 16:15 - 17:15 CEST
Session code 4CO.12
Biogas - Synergies and optimisation
Session Description
This oral session presents innovative approaches to biogas production and purification, including the use of microorganisms as biomarkers, hydrothermal carbonisation, and electro-chemical anaerobic digestion.
Chair
DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige, GERMANY
Politehnica University of Timisoara, ROMANIA
Speakers
IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, THE NETHERLANDS
Session reference: 4CO.12.1
Sustainable Cow Manure Valorisation Through Coupling Hydrothermal Carbonisation and Anaerobic Digestion
German Biomass Research Centre, GERMANY
Session reference: 4CO.12.2
Syntrophic Microorganisms as Biomarkers for Controlling Waste Fermentation Plants
DTU Chemical Engineering, DENMARK
Session reference: 4CO.12.3
Pilot Demonstration of an Innovative Electrochemical Biogas Cleaning Process
Insitute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, SPAIN
Session reference: 4CO.12.4
Toward Efficient Syngas-To-Biomethane Conversion: The Role of Temperature and Microbial SynergyRoom: Yangtze 1
Date: Thursday, 21 May 2026
Time: 17:30 - 18:30 CEST
Session code 4CO.15
Biomethane potential and technologies
Session Description
This oral session deals with biomethane potentials from different regions and feedstocks, and technological optimisations.
Chair
BEST - Bioenergy and Sustainable Technologies, AUSTRIA
DBFZ-German Biomass Research Centre, GERMANY
Speakers
TBI INSA Université de Toulouse, FRANCE
Session reference: 4CO.15.1
How to Locate Anaerobic Digesters within a Territory to Enhance Biomethane Production?
Utrecht University, THE NETHERLANDS
Session reference: 4CO.15.2
Biomethane Production in the Netherlands: Challenges of Manure-Based Digestion by Local Farm Communities
SINTEF Industry, NORWAY
Session reference: 4CO.15.3
SEMPRE-BIO Projects: Comparison of Three Innovative Scaled-Up and Optimised Technologies For Biomethane Production and Its Purification
National Research Council of Canada, CANADA
Session reference: 4CO.15.4
Enhanced Biomethane Production from Municipal Sludge by Hydrothermal Carbonization Combined with Bioelectrochemical Anaerobic DigestionRoom: King Willem Alexander
Date: Friday, 22 May 2026
Time: 09:00 - 10:00 CEST
Session code 4DO.1
Biomass pre-treatment for innovative application pathways
Session Description
This oral session presents innovative pathways for pretreatment of diverse biomass inputs and their use for different application. A specific focus is on liquid fuels.
Chair
Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LATVIA
Chalmers University of Technology, SWEDEN
Speakers
Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige, GERMANY
Session reference: 4DO.1.1
From Residue to Resource: An Innovative Solution for Energy Self-Sufficient Utilization of Coffee Husks
DBFZ, GERMANY
Session reference: 4DO.1.2
From Peatlands to Products: Combining Climate Protection with MoorFiber Value Chains
Invited
Session reference: 4DO.1.3
Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica - Consejo superior de Investigaciones Científicas, SPAIN
Session reference: 4DO.1.4
Development of Microalgae Treatment Using Hydrated Inorganic Salts for the Production of Advanced Liquid Fuels.Room: King Willem Alexander
Date: Friday, 22 May 2026
Time: 11:30 - 12:45 CEST
Session code 4DO.4
Innovative biomass pretreatment technologies
Session Description
This oral session will present innovative pretreatment technologies, including biomass feeding, hydrothermal liquefaction and for biochar production.
Chair
IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, THE NETHERLANDS
Aarhus University, DENMARK
Speakers
GTI Energy, USA
Session reference: 4DO.4.1
Recent Progress in Development of a Novel Nested-Piston Pressurized Feeder
Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, INDIA
Session reference: 4DO.4.2
Combined Leaching and Steam Explosion Pretreatment for Producing High-Quality Black Pellets for Thermochemical Applications
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, SPAIN
Session reference: 4DO.4.3
Comparative Evaluation of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sewage Sludge: Influence of Feedstock Type and Reaction Conditions on Product Distribution and Integrated Valorization Potential
Advanced Renewable Technologies & Environmental Materials in Integrated Systems, ARTEMIS, GREECE
Session reference: 4DO.4.4
A Model-based Approach of Combined Microalgae Cultivation and Hydrothermal Liquefaction Processes Supported with CSP
Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum, GERMANY
Session reference: 4DO.4.5
Agglomeration of Biochar and Iron(III)-hydroxide to Composite Agglomerates for Use as Filter material for Biogas PurificationRoom: Poster Area
Date: Friday, 22 May 2026
Time: 13:45 - 14:45 CEST
Session code 4DV.5
Biomass pre-treatment and production of intermediates (part 2)
Session Description
This is the second of two poster sessions covering a variety of biomass pre-treatment and technologies for the production of intermediates.
Chair
IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, THE NETHERLANDS
Portalegre Polytechnic University, PORTUGAL
Presenters
University of Pretoria, SOUTH AFRICA
Session reference: 4DV.5.3
Effects of Acid Doping on Biomass Ash Composition During Washing Pre-Treatment With Aqueous Fraction from Wood Htc
Kimitec Biogroup, SPAIN
Session reference: 4DV.5.5
Development of Bioherbicides, Bioinsecticides and Biostimulants from Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) and Carinata (Brassica carinata A. Braun) Residues
Kazimierz Wielki University, POLAND
Session reference: 4DV.5.6
Changes in Brewer’s Spent Grain Biomasses Structure After Microwave-Assisted Pretreatment with Aqueous Solutions of Deep Eutectic Solvents
Chonnam National University, REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Session reference: 4DV.5.7
Elucidation of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis Mechanism of Hydrothermal and Acid Pretreated Biomass
Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, BRAZIL
Session reference: 4DV.5.9
Boosting Energy Density through Pelletization and Co-Pelletization of Sugarcane Residues
Federal University of Ceara, BRAZIL
Session reference: 4DV.5.10
Physicochemical and Energetic Characterization of Carnauba–Babassu Biomass Blends for Sustainable Solid Biofuel Applications
CREA - Research Center for Engineering & Agro-Food Processing, ITALY
Session reference: 4DV.5.12
Seasonal Variability of Almond Hull Residues: Optimising Post-Harvest Dehulling for Sustainable Energy Recovery
University of Guayaquil, ECUADOR
Session reference: 4DV.5.13
Energy Valorization of Water Hyacinth: Effect of Torrefaction on Pellet Quality for a Circular Bioeconomy
Anhui University, P.R. CHINA
Session reference: 4DV.5.14
Application of Starch Processing at Ambient Temperature in Ethanol Fermentation
National University Pedro Ruiz Gallo, PERU
Session reference: 4DV.5.16
Thermochemical Characterization and Caloric Value Prediction of Sugarcane Bagasse, Rice Husk and Coffee Husk Biomass
Maria del Prado GARCIA APARICIO
CIEMAT, SPAIN
Session reference: 4DV.5.17
Multiproduct Brewers’ Spent Grain (BSG) Biorefinery Using Enzyme-based Process and Hydrothermal Pretreatment Technologies
Maria del Prado GARCIA APARICIO
CIEMAT, SPAIN
Session reference: 4DV.5.18
Turning Sunflower Residual Biomass into Valuable Resources Through Advanced Pretreatment StrategiesRoom: King Willem Alexander
Date: Friday, 22 May 2026
Time: 15:00 - 16:00 CEST
Session code DP.2
Novel processes for enhancing biomass conversion to bioenergy
Session Description
This plenary session is intended to cover some of the main processes used to promote ease of conversion of biomass to bioproducts, by either pre-processing biomass or integrating different technologies into a process chain, while in some cases managing to capture carbon for either storage or use elsewhere.
Chair
Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, ITALY
University of São Paulo, BRAZIL
Speakers
TNO, THE NETHERLANDS
Session reference: DP.2.1
Biomass Feedstock Pretreatments for Efficient Conversion to Bioproducts and Bioenergy
BIOS Bioenergiesysteme, AUSTRIA
Session reference: DP.2.2
Micro-Bio-CHP - Performance of a SOFC with Product Gas from a Biomass Updraft Gasifier
Giammarco Technologies, ITALY
Session reference: DP.2.3
Towards Negative Emissions: Capturing CO2 from Biomass Combustion